Django4.0 模型关联-一对一关联

要定义一对一关联，使用 ​OneToOneField​。

在本例中，一个 ​Place ​是一个 ​Restaurant​:

from django.db import models

class Place(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    address = models.CharField(max_length=80)

    def __str__(self):
        return "%s the place" % self.name

class Restaurant(models.Model):
    place = models.OneToOneField(
        Place,
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
        primary_key=True,
    )
    serves_hot_dogs = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    serves_pizza = models.BooleanField(default=False)

    def __str__(self):
        return "%s the restaurant" % self.place.name

class Waiter(models.Model):
    restaurant = models.ForeignKey(Restaurant, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50)

    def __str__(self):
        return "%s the waiter at %s" % (self.name, self.restaurant)

下面是可以使用PythonAPI工具执行的操作示例。

创建几个 ​Place​：

>>> p1 = Place(name='Demon Dogs', address='944 W. Fullerton')
>>> p1.save()
>>> p2 = Place(name='Ace Hardware', address='1013 N. Ashland')
>>> p2.save()

创建一个 ​Restaurant​。传递父对象作为该对象的主键：

>>> r = Restaurant(place=p1, serves_hot_dogs=True, serves_pizza=False)
>>> r.save()

​Restaurant​可以获取所在地

>>> r.place
<Place: Demon Dogs the place>

​Place​可以访问关联的​Restaurant​（如果有的话）：

>>> p1.restaurant
<Restaurant: Demon Dogs the restaurant>

p2 没有关联餐厅：

>>> from django.core.exceptions import ObjectDoesNotExist
>>> try:
>>>     p2.restaurant
>>> except ObjectDoesNotExist:
>>>     print("There is no restaurant here.")
There is no restaurant here.

您还可以使用 ​hasattr ​来免除异常捕获：

>>> hasattr(p2, 'restaurant')
False

使用赋值符号来设置​Place​。因为​Place​是​Restaurant​的主键，保存将创建一个新的​Restaurant​：

>>> r.place = p2
>>> r.save()
>>> p2.restaurant
<Restaurant: Ace Hardware the restaurant>
>>> r.place
<Place: Ace Hardware the place>

再次设置​Place​，使用相反方向的赋值：

>>> p1.restaurant = r
>>> p1.restaurant
<Restaurant: Demon Dogs the restaurant>

注意，将某个对象指定给一个一对一关联关系之前，必须先保存它。例如，利用未保存的 ​Place ​创建一个 ​Restaurant ​会抛出 ​ValueError​:

>>> p3 = Place(name='Demon Dogs', address='944 W. Fullerton')
>>> Restaurant.objects.create(place=p3, serves_hot_dogs=True, serves_pizza=False)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: save() prohibited to prevent data loss due to unsaved related object 'place'.

​Restaurant.objects.all()​ 返回所有​Restaurant​，而不是​Place​。注意，这里有两个​Restaurant ​—— ​Ace Hardware the Restaurant​ 是在调用 ​r.place = p2​ 时创建的：

>>> Restaurant.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Restaurant: Demon Dogs the restaurant>, <Restaurant: Ace Hardware the restaurant>]>

​Place.objects.all()​ 返回所有的 ​Place​，不管其是否有关联​Restaurant​:

>>> Place.objects.order_by('name')
<QuerySet [<Place: Ace Hardware the place>, <Place: Demon Dogs the place>]>

你可以用 跨关联查询 查询这些模型:

>>> Restaurant.objects.get(place=p1)
<Restaurant: Demon Dogs the restaurant>
>>> Restaurant.objects.get(place__pk=1)
<Restaurant: Demon Dogs the restaurant>
>>> Restaurant.objects.filter(place__name__startswith="Demon")
<QuerySet [<Restaurant: Demon Dogs the restaurant>]>
>>> Restaurant.objects.exclude(place__address__contains="Ashland")
<QuerySet [<Restaurant: Demon Dogs the restaurant>]>

反向查询也是可以的:

>>> Place.objects.get(pk=1)
<Place: Demon Dogs the place>
>>> Place.objects.get(restaurant__place=p1)
<Place: Demon Dogs the place>
>>> Place.objects.get(restaurant=r)
<Place: Demon Dogs the place>
>>> Place.objects.get(restaurant__place__name__startswith="Demon")
<Place: Demon Dogs the place>

为​Restaurant​添加一个​Waiter​:

>>> w = r.waiter_set.create(name='Joe')
>>> w
<Waiter: Joe the waiter at Demon Dogs the restaurant>

查询​Waiter​:

>>> Waiter.objects.filter(restaurant__place=p1)
<QuerySet [<Waiter: Joe the waiter at Demon Dogs the restaurant>]>
>>> Waiter.objects.filter(restaurant__place__name__startswith="Demon")
<QuerySet [<Waiter: Joe the waiter at Demon Dogs the restaurant>]>